Standardization and Total Flavonoid Content of White Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Ethanolic Extract from Three Locations in Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Standardization is crucial to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal raw materials. One of the plants used is the White mangrove (Avicennia marina). This study examined the standardization of specific and non-specific parameters of white mangrove fruit extracts taken from three different regions in Central Java Province, namely Mangkang Semarang, Baros River Yogyakarta, and Teluk Awur Jepara. Standardization was performed on specific parameters including organoleptic, soluble compound content, chemical content of the extract, and total flavonoid content, while non-specific parameters of the extract included dry weight loss, air content, residual ash content, acid-soluble residual ash content, microbial and fungal contamination. Specific parameters included organoleptic characteristics, extract value, phytochemical content, and total flavonoid content, while non-specific parameters included air content, dry weight loss, ash content, and microbial contamination. The results showed variations among the three locations, particularly in extract value and total flavonoid content. Total flavonoid content ranged from 3.26 to 13.27 mg QE/g extract, with the highest content found in samples from Mangkang. These findings indicate that geographic origin significantly influences the phytochemical profile and quality of the extract. Among the areas studied, the Mangkang extract showed the most consistent content against Indonesian herbal quality standards. Therefore, Avicennia marina fruit from the coastal area of Mangkang shows strong potential as a standard raw material for herbal product development in Indonesia.