Selection of Aeration Systems for Aquaculture Based on Oxygen Transfer Efficiency, Pond Size and Economic Performance

Abstract

Aeration is a component of intensive aquaculture because dissolved oxygen influences fish respiration, metabolism, feeding, growth, survival, and water quality. However, selection of an appropriate aerator requires consideration of oxygen-transfer performance, pond volume, energy consumption, capital cost, maintenance, and operating conditions. The present paper reviews and compares aeration systems used in aquaculture, with particular emphasis on standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), standard aeration efficiency (SAE), oxygen transfer characteristics, cost, and suitability for different pond sizes. The objective of this review is to identify an efficient aeration system according to pond size, water volume and biomass. Findings indicate substantial variation among paddle-wheel, propeller-aspirator, diffused-air, spiral, cascade, and perforated-tray aerators. Gravity-based cascade and perforated-tray systems offer simple construction and effective oxygen transfer and are particularly relevant to smaller culture systems. Circular stepped cascade and pooled circular stepped cascade aerators have been reported as economical options for ponds below 1,000 m³, while paddle-wheel aerators, particularly 1- and 2-HP units, provide higher oxygen-transfer capacity and water circulation and are more suitable for ponds exceeding 5,000 m³. Perforated-tray and gravity aerators also demonstrate potential where low complexity and energy-efficient operation are desired. Overall, aerator selection should match oxygen demand, pond size, biomass, culture intensity, and economic constraints rather than relying solely on oxygen-transfer efficiency. This approach can improve aeration effectiveness and economic sustainability. From 1984 to 2024, many researchers investigated the development of efficient aeration systems; more than twenty-five articles were reviewed in preparing this article.