Role of Menstrual Cycles in the Development of Anaemia and Its Potential Reversibility in Allied Healthcare Students of Tripura, India

Abstract

Background: Anaemia is a common health issue among women of reproductive age, often aggravated by menstrual blood loss. Fluctuations in haemoglobin levels across menstrual phases may contribute to anaemia, and early intervention could help prevent its progression. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of menstrual cycles on cyclical haemoglobin changes and anaemia risk among allied healthcare students in Tripura, India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2025 involving 128 female students aged 18–21 years at a paramedical college in Tripura. Haematological parameters, including haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices, were assessed during both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Menstrual patterns and anaemia severity were categorised and analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 43.75%, with mild anaemia being the most common. Abnormal red cell indices such as low PCV, MCV, and MCH were observed in a notable proportion of students. Menstrual irregularities, including menorrhagia, were more common among anaemic participants. A significant decline in haemoglobin levels was noted during the follicular phase (11.42 ± 1.10 g/dl) compared to the luteal phase (11.86 ± 1.28 g/dl, p < 0.05), with 53.12% of students experiencing changes greater than 1.0 g/dl between phases. Anaemia prevalence increased from 42% in the luteal phase to 95.3% in the follicular phase, indicating notable cyclical variation linked to menstrual blood loss. Conclusion: The findings underscore the impact of menstrual cycles on cyclical haemoglobin variations and anaemia risk among allied healthcare students. Regular haemoglobin monitoring and targeted interventions, such as dietary counselling and iron supplementation, may help reduce anaemia-related health risks. The study is limited by self-reported menstrual data and lack of iron biomarker measurements, and further research is needed to confirm underlying causes.