Worldwide Wheat Diseases their Current Status and Mode of Resistance: A Review

Abstract

The appearance of more notorious and invincible rust fungi strains and wheat species made several varieties more vulnerable to different kinds of diseases. Fusarium head blight, leaf spotting diseases, root diseases, and recently wheat blast emerging in South America, Bangladesh, and Zambia, largely because had insufficient varieties of resistance. Extensive research has already been performed both on the genetic approach and other quantitative methods for most diseases. A caution combination of type determination and molecular strategies to be able to accomplish long-term resistance and save up global wheat productivity is too promising. With newer versions of sequencing techniques, functional genomics, and bio informatics, wheat genomics has been completely redefined. The sequencing and annotation of the wheat genome just recently has been its staple together with the thorough analysis of gene content among sub-genomes, now we can look forward to a faster understanding of wheat genetics and, as a consequence, a speedier identification of genes providing disease resistance. In addition to that, the molding of the wheat genome sequence has enabled exploration of marker-trait associations, identification of potential genes, and consequently developing Generation Selection (GS) studies. The fast-track sequencer genotyping devices have enhanced genetic diversity estimation, building high-density genetic maps, and the study of polygenic traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping Lacations of registered KASP breeder-friendly Kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers have simplified the process of tracing and stacking of resistance alleles/genes in existing superior wheat lines. This chapter gives a summation of the key diseases in wheat production, their hotspots, their consequences, and the management plus the green genes methods to strengthen resistance breeding and application of the boosted stems in wheat.