Risk Factors, Preventive Measures, and Management of Monkeypox: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is an emerging viral disease caused by the mpox virus, related to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The 2022–2023 outbreak, driven by clade IIb, alongside ongoing outbreaks of clades Ia and Ib in Africa, highlighted mpox as a significant public health concern. Mpox spreads through close contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, often causing a characteristic rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Vaccination and supportive care are essential in managing mpox, but no specific antiviral treatments have been universally validated. Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate risk factors, preventive measures, and management strategies to improve understanding and patient outcomes for mpox. Methods: Conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this review included a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published until October 1, 2024. Eligible studies provided data on clinical features, risk factors, preventive strategies, and treatment outcomes related to mpox. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection, and data extraction focused on key aspects such as population characteristics, preventive measures, and clinical outcomes. Results: Ten studies encompassing 2666 participants were included. Findings highlighted a diverse range of mpox clinical presentations, from mild skin lesions to severe symptoms requiring hospitalization, particularly in patients with HIV. Vaccines like JYNNEOS and MVA-BN were found to be effective in reducing symptomatic mpox among high-risk groups, though efficacy varied with timing and analytical approach. Early administration of tecovirimat showed promise in reducing viral shedding, particularly in non-immunocompromised patients. The presence of co-infections, especially among MSM, emphasised the need for integrated healthcare approaches. Public health messaging that was culturally sensitive was crucial to avoid stigmatisation while effectively targeting at-risk groups. Conclusion: Mpox management benefits from vaccination, early antiviral treatment, and supportive care. Targeted public health interventions, including culturally appropriate communication, are essential to control the spread and improve outcomes. Future research should focus on optimising vaccination strategies, treatment protocols for immunocompromised patients, and understanding long-term sequelae of mpox.