Rapid Multiplication Techniques of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.): A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

As global demand for high-quality spices continues to rise, black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) stands out for its culinary and medicinal importance. However, traditional propagation methods such as stem cuttings and seed sowing often suffers from slow growth, genetic variability, and disease susceptibility. To address these challenges, a range of rapid multiplication techniques (RMTs) has emerged, revolutionizing black pepper cultivation. Thus, this review helps to provide a comprehensive overview of key RMTs including serpentine layering, soil mound, bamboo and trench methods, raised bed propagation, and the use of low-cost mist chambers that have improved propagation efficiency, plant uniformity, and disease resistance to ensure enhanced production. Among these, serpentine layering and soil mound methods have shown high survival rates and shortened the juvenile phase, while bamboo and trench techniques offer cost-effective and scalable solutions. Additionally, the integration of biotechnological innovations such as micropropagation (tissue culture), genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9, speed breeding, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has further advanced black pepper production. These approaches have not only increased multiplication rates but also facilitated the development of climate resilient, disease resistant cultivars. Despite these advantages, widespread adoption remains limited due to high setup costs and technical barriers. Therefore, future success depends on collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and extension services to ensure equitable access and training. By combining traditional practices with scientific advancements, the black pepper industry can transition toward a more sustainable, high-yielding future.