Biofloc Technology in Penaeus vannamei Culture: A Review with Emphasis on Physicochemical Water Quality Dynamics

Abstract

Background: Biofloc technology (BFT) is an innovative and sustainable approach in intensive aquaculture that enhances nutrient recycling, improves physicochemical water quality, and minimizes environmental impacts. It promotes the growth of probiotics (beneficial microbial communities) that convert accumulate nutrients into biofloc, serving as a natural supplementary feed for culture species. This technology is widely adopted in the culture of Penaeus vannamei due to its suitability for high-density farming, reduced water exchange, and improved good biosecurity. However, the effectiveness of BFT largely depends on the proper management of physicochemical water quality constraints and good microbial dynamics. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the application of Biofloc Technology in Penaeus vannamei culture, with a specific focus on physicochemical water quality constraints and their influence on system performance. Methods: The study integrates evidence from classical, moderate, and recent research findings along with observed datasets. Key physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonia, nitrite, salinity, and temperature are critically analyzed in relation to beneficial microbial processes and shrimp growth performance. Results: The analysis indicates that maintaining optimal physicochemical conditions is essential for efficient biofloc formation and functionality. Interactions among water quality parameters significantly influence microbial community dynamics, nutrient assimilation, nitrogen cycling, and overall system stability and productivity. Conclusion: Biofloc technology is a sustainable and efficient approach for shrimp aquaculture, especially in low-salinity systems. However, its success largely depends on careful monitoring and management of water quality parameters to ensure optimal system performance.