Determination of Radiofrequency Levels Emitted by Various Mobile Phones Used in the Philippines

Abstract

Background: Radiofrequency (RF) radiation from mobile phones has raised concerns due to potential health effects. International standards, such as those set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), establish safety limits to ensure user protection. Objective: This study aimed to determine RF levels emitted by selected mobile phones according to brand, model, distance, number of years used, and usage type (texting, calling, Bluetooth, and internet use), and to assess their acceptability based on established safety standards. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was employed, as full randomization and controlled experimental grouping were not strictly implemented. Mobile phones were selected through a survey of 100 users from a university in Pangasinan, Philippines, from which the top five brands and models were identified based on frequency of use. RF emissions were measured using a calibrated Cell Sensor device certified under ISO standards. Measurements were conducted at standardized distances of 10.16 cm, 20.32 cm, and 30.48 cm, with three trials per condition. Data were collected under texting, calling, Bluetooth, and internet use scenarios. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, percentage) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post hoc tests were used. Limitations include non-random sampling, controlled laboratory conditions, and use of a single measurement device. Results: Out of 48 RF readings, 28 exceeded the 0.45 mW/cm² safety limit, while 20 were within safe levels. Calling produced the highest RF emissions, while texting produced the lowest. All readings at 20.32 cm and 30.48 cm registered zero. Conclusion: Most mobile phones exceeded RF safety limits during calling, while increased distance significantly reduced exposure levels.