Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urogenital Schistosomiasis among Women in Selected Local Government Areas of Sokoto State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Urogenital schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in communities with freshwater exposure. This study assessed the prevalence of microscopy-detected infection and related exposure characteristics among women in selected Local Government Areas of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2025 among 430 consenting women aged 18–50 years in Goronyo, Gwadabawa, Wamakko and Wurno. Demographic characteristics and reported behaviours were collected using questionnaires. Urine samples were examined for haematuria and proteinuria using reagent strips and for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using sediment microscopy after centrifugation. Results: Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium were detected in 52 of 430 women, giving an overall prevalence of 12.1%. Prevalence was 14.0% (14/100) in Wurno, 13.6% (15/110) in Goronyo, 10.9% (12/110) in Wamakko and 10.0% (11/110) in Gwadabawa. Infection was observed in all four surveyed areas. Among women engaged in irrigation farming in Wurno, 10 of 25 (40.0%) tested positive. The study also recorded freshwater-contact practices, sanitation characteristics, haematuria and proteinuria as potential correlates of infection. Conclusion: Microscopy-confirmed urogenital schistosomiasis was present among women in the four surveyed areas. The observed distribution suggests the relevance of occupational and freshwater exposure to prevention efforts. The cross-sectional design does not permit causal interpretation. Surveillance and measures to reduce contact with potentially contaminated freshwater remain relevant to the communities studied.