Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Porcine Circovirus Diseases: Current Insights and Future Strategies for Effective Control, with a Focus on Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)

Debarun Borah, Ritam Hazarika, Girin Hazarika, Deep Prakash Saikia, Phanidhar Mili, Hrangchung Phunchu Bappu, Iftikar Islam, Jonmoni Barua, Derhasar Brahma, Shiney George

Microbiology Research Journal International · pp. 283–298 · Published 30 Dec 2024

10.9734/mrji/2024/v34i121529

Abstract

Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD), caused by Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), is a major health concern in swine production, leading to significant economic losses. The diagnosis of PCVAD relies on a combination of clinical signs and confirmatory laboratory techniques. Clinically, affected pigs exhibit weight loss, jaundice, poor growth, respiratory distress, and gastrointestinal issues. Histopathological examination reveals characteristic lesions such as lymphoid depletion, granulomatous inflammation, and the presence of inclusion bodies in lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) are critical for detecting PCV2 antigens and viral nucleic acids in tissue samples, respectively. Molecular diagnostic methods, including PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR), offer rapid and precise detection of PCV2 DNA, with advancements like digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) improving sensitivity. Serological tests, such as immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are useful for detecting PCV2 antibodies, aiding in assessing infection status and immune response. Genotyping assays help track the evolution of PCV2 strains, essential for understanding epidemiology and vaccine development. Prevention and control of PCVAD involve a multifaceted approach, including biosecurity measures, co-infection management, and vaccination. Vaccination remains a key tool, with updated vaccines providing protection against multiple PCV2 genotypes. Emerging technologies, such as nanobody-based ELISAs and biosensors, hold promise for faster and more cost-effective diagnostics. Continued research into new vaccine technologies, alongside ongoing surveillance of PCV2 genetic shifts, is critical for effective long-term control of PCVAD and minimizing its impact on the swine industry.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) diagnosis vaccination & biosecurity

References (57)

  1. 1 Porcine Circoviruses: A Review [DOI]
  2. 2 Porcine Circovirus Type 2–Associated Disease: Update on Current Terminology, Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies [DOI]
  3. 3 Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: Clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis [DOI]
  4. 4 A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure [DOI]
  5. 5 A review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases [DOI]
  6. 6 Revisiting the taxonomy of the family Circoviridae: establishment of the genus Cyclovirus and removal of the genus Gyrovirus [DOI]
  7. 7 Molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 genomes: Phylogeny and clonality [DOI]
  8. 8 Deciphering the bat virome catalog to better understand the ecological diversity of bat viruses and the bat origin of emerging infectious diseases [DOI]
  9. 9 A field guide to eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA viruses: insights gained from metagenomics [DOI]
  10. 10 Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Associated Disease [DOI]
  11. 11 Global molecular genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) sequences confirms the presence of four main PCV2 genotypes and reveals a rapid increase of PCV2d [DOI]
  12. 12 Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China [DOI]
  13. 13 Postweaning mulstisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. A review [DOI]
  14. 14 Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) genotype update and proposal of a new genotyping methodology [DOI]
  15. 15 Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges [DOI]
  16. 16 A proposal on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotype definition and their relation with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) occurrence [DOI]
  17. 17 Current Knowledge on Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3): A Novel Virus With a Yet Unknown Impact on the Swine Industry [DOI]
  18. 18 Evidence of Breed-dependent Differences in Susceptibility to Porcine Circovirus Type-2-associated Disease and Lesions [DOI]
  19. 19 Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]
  20. 20 Full genome characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 isolates reveals the existence of two distinct groups of virus strains [DOI]
  21. 21 Ten years of PCV2 vaccines and vaccination: Is eradication a possibility? [DOI]
  22. 22 Current understanding of genomic DNA of porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]
  23. 23 Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccines: Commercial Application and Research Advances [DOI]
  24. 24 Evidence that a plant virus switched hosts to infect a vertebrate and then recombined with a vertebrate-infecting virus [DOI]
  25. 25 Sequence of porcine circovirus DNA: affinities with plant circoviruses. [DOI]
  26. 26 Dendritic Cells Harbor Infectious Porcine CircovirusType 2 in the Absence of Apparent Cell Modulation or Replication of theVirus [DOI]
  27. 27 Influence of Maternal Antibodies on Efficacy of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccination To Protect Pigs from Experimental Infection with PCV2 [DOI]
  28. 28 Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on reproduction: disease, vertical transmission, diagnostics and vaccination [DOI]
  29. 29 Immunohistochemical characterisation of PCV2 associate lesions in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) [DOI]
  30. 30 Diagnostic phylogenetics reveals a new Porcine circovirus 2 cluster [DOI]
  31. 31 Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Other PCV2-Related Problems in Pigs: a 12-Year Experience [DOI]
  32. 32 RETRACTED ARTICLE: Identification of one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]
  33. 33 Retrospective study of porcine circovirus type 2 infection reveals a novel genotype PCV2f [DOI]
  34. 34 The open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is dispensable for virus infection but evidence of reduced pathogenicity is limited in pigs infected by an ORF3-null PCV2 mutant [DOI]
  35. 35 A nanobody‐horseradish peroxidase fusion protein‐based competitive ELISA for rapid detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]
  36. 36 ORF4-protein deficient PCV2 mutants enhance virus-induced apoptosis and show differential expression of mRNAs in vitro [DOI]
  37. 37 Environmental distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in swine herds with natural infection [DOI]
  38. 38 Advances in Crosstalk between Porcine Circoviruses and Host [DOI]
  39. 39 Co-infection of porcine dendritic cells with porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) and genotype II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells in vitro [DOI]
  40. 40 Host immune response to infection with porcine circoviruses [DOI]
  41. 41 Infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in semen from experimentally-infected boars [DOI]
  42. 42 Fetal infections and antibody profiles in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).
  43. 43 Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) enteric disease: An independent condition or part of the systemic disease? [DOI]
  44. 44 Development and validation of a real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]
  45. 45 Comparison of Multiplex Real-Time PCR and PCR-Reverse Blot Hybridization Assays for the Direct and Rapid Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Genotypes [DOI]
  46. 46 PCV cap proteins fused with calreticulin expressed into polymers in Escherichia coli with high immunogenicity in mice [DOI]
  47. 47 Multiepitope Subunit Peptide-Based Nanovaccine against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Elicited High Antibody Titers in Vaccinated Mice [DOI]
  48. 48 Eucaryotic Expression of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Use of the Protein in an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for Serological Diagnosis of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs [DOI]
  49. 49 Interlaboratory Testing of Porcine Sera for Antibodies to Porcine Circovirus Type 2 [DOI]
  50. 50 A comparison of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs [DOI]
  51. 51 Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector [DOI]
  52. 52 Mechanisms of circovirus immunosuppression and pathogenesis with a focus on porcine circovirus 2: a review [DOI]
  53. 53 Infection and Coinfection of Porcine-Selected Viruses (PPV1 to PPV8, PCV2 to PCV4, and PRRSV) in Gilts and Their Associations with Reproductive Performance [DOI]
  54. 54 An updated phylogeography and population dynamics of porcine circovirus 2 genotypes: are they reaching an equilibrium? [DOI]
  55. 55 Evidence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genetic Shift from PCV2b to PCV2d Genotype in Sardinia, Italy [DOI]
  56. 56 Molecular Positivity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Associated with Production Practices on Farms in Jalisco, Mexico [DOI]
  57. 57 Implementation of point-of-care platforms for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 [DOI]

Cited by 2

Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections

J. Segalés, Giovanni Franzo, L. E. Larsen · BMC Veterinary Research · 2025

Showing 1 of 2 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

13

Page views

0

PDF downloads

0

Outbound clicks

2

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.