Phytochemical Characterization of Tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaves and Their Influence on Eri Silkworm (Samia ricini) Gut Microbiome: Implications for Sustainable Sericulture in Southern India

Abstract

Tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves are a promising yet underutilized feed resource for eri silkworm (Samia ricini) rearing in Southern India. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition of tapioca leaves and evaluate their influence on the gut microbial diversity of eri silkworms. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed to determine major phytochemicals, including carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a diverse profile of bioactive compounds. Gut microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing demonstrated significant variation in microbial diversity across larval stages. Firmicutes were dominant, while Proteobacteria declined with larval development, indicating microbial adaptation to diet. The results highlight the nutritional and functional significance of tapioca leaves in supporting silkworm health and productivity. This study provides a scientific basis for utilizing tapioca as a sustainable feed resource and contributes to improving eri sericulture practices through microbiome-informed strategies.