Distribution Modelling of the Endemic Indian Spotted Creeper (Salpornis spilonota) in India

Abstract

Background: The Indian Spotted Creeper (Salpornis spilonota) is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and primarily inhabits the dry deciduous forests and woodlands of central and western India. Despite its restricted distribution and specialised habitat requirements, information on its potential distribution and environmental determinants remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to (i) predict the current potential distribution of the Indian Spotted Creeper across India using the MaxEnt modelling approach, (ii) identify the key environmental variables influencing its distribution, and (iii) provide baseline information to support future conservation and habitat management. Methods: Occurrence records were compiled from systematic field surveys conducted between January 2022 and June 2026 and from verified observations in the eBird database. Species distribution modelling was performed using MaxEnt with 19 bioclimatic variables and elevation data. Results: The model identified approximately 27,799.45 km² of suitable habitat across India, including 575.95 km² of highly suitable habitat and 27,223.50 km² of moderately suitable habitat. Precipitation seasonality was the most influential predictor, contributing 28.7% to the model. Overall, seasonal climatic variables were found to exert the strongest influence on habitat suitability. Conclusions: The Indian Spotted Creeper occupies a relatively restricted climatic niche associated primarily with seasonal precipitation patterns and temperature variability within dry deciduous forest ecosystems. The limited extent of highly suitable habitat highlights the species' potential vulnerability to habitat degradation and future climate change. This study provides a comprehensive habitat suitability assessment for the species across India and offers a scientific basis for targeted field surveys, habitat protection, and future climate-change impact assessments.