Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Assessment of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Peel Extract

Abstract

Aims: This study assessed the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of pineapple peel (Ananas comosus), a significant by-product of pineapple production, which is often discarded despite its potential health benefits. Pineapple peels constitute 30-42% of the fruit's weight, leading to substantial waste and environmental challenges when improperly disposed. Study design: The researchers used a qualitative approach to achieve their desired results. The research was experimental as it involved different trials of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, and Terpenoids and three trials against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. Place and Duration of Study: Botany Department, Central Mindanao University (Sayre Highway, Maramag, Bukidnon), Wet Laboratory of San Isidro College (Impalambong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon), and the Microbiology Section of Bukidnon Medical Provincial Center (Sayre Highway, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon), between the timeframe of April 2024 to May 2024. Methodology: Pineapple peel samples were collected from local fruit stands, processed into ethanolic extracts, and subjected to phytochemical analysis using colorimetric tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, with five trials conducted for each test. The antibacterial activity was assessed using three replicates per bacterial strain using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 12 pineapples were used for extraction. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids while revealing the absence of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The antibacterial testing showed a zone of inhibition of 0 mm against all tested pathogens, indicating limited antibacterial efficacy. Conclusion: Although the pineapple peel extract demonstrated low antibacterial activity, its rich phytochemical content suggests potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that warrant further investigation. This study emphasizes the need for sustainable utilization of agricultural waste by exploring the health benefits of pineapple peels, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and resource optimization in the food industry. Future research should focus on varying extraction methods and concentrations to enhance the antibacterial properties and explore additional applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.