Smallholder Farmers' Participation in the Agricultural Market Systems in Rangpur District, Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

This study examines the demographic characteristics, production patterns, post-harvest practices, market participation, income outcomes, challenges, and opportunities within agricultural market systems for livelihood diversification among smallholder farmers in Rangpur district, Bangladesh. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining household surveys (n= 120), focus group discussions (n=6), and key informant interviews (n=9) with stakeholders and market actors. Findings were triangulated with secondary sources to ensure reliability. The results show notable variation in landholding size, with medium and large landholders comprising the majority, while agriculture remains the dominant source of household income. Rice is the principal crop, cultivated by 89.17% of farmers, alongside diversified vegetable production. Post-harvest practices are partially adopted, with many farmers conducting basic activities such as cleaning and sorting, but improved practices like packaging and pre-cooling remain limited. Most farmers depend primarily on local markets (69.17%), with limited access to wider regional or national markets. In addition, 62.50% of farmers rely on intermediaries (Paikers) to sell their produce, which often reduces their bargaining power and farm-gate prices. Farmers also face several market-related challenges, including weak collective marketing, price volatility, and limited storage and market information. Despite these constraints, the agricultural sector shows strong potential for growth. Despite these challenges, 84.17% report high demand for high-value crops, 80.00% have access to quality inputs, and 82.50% of youth and women participate. The findings emphasize that integrated market system approaches, improved post-harvest management, and promotion of collective marketing can enhance farmer income, strengthen livelihoods, and support sustainable agricultural development.