Nipah Virus: Understanding Its Zoonotic Potential and Public Health Implications

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus of the genus Henipavirus, is one of the most significant threats to the overall health of the world population because of its high mortality rate and the possibility of human-to-human transmission. NiV has resulted in repeated and frequent outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, especially in Bangladesh and India, since its first outbreak in Malaysia in the 1998-1999 pandemic. Pteropus fruit bats is the natural reservoir, and individuals become infected by the means of contaminated food sources, intermediate amplifying hosts, such as pigs, or through direct contact. Clinical presentation involve acute respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis and are usually accompanied by long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. Without licensed vaccine or specific antiviral drugs; early detection, surveillance, and prevention play a critical role. This review provides an overview of the existing knowledge about NiV epidemiology, transmission modes, reservoir ecology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and new therapeutic advances, with the need of a One Health approach in mitigating the risk of spillover and enhancing outbreak preparedness.