Neurogenetics and Behaviour Editing: A Review of Molecular Foundations, Technological Advances, and Applications in Veterinary Science

Abstract

Animal behaviour is a complex phenotype shaped by interactions among genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Advances in neurogenetics have demonstrated that behavioural traits are influenced by polygenic architectures, neural circuitry, and epigenetic regulation, challenging earlier paradigms that emphasized environmental determinism. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the genetic and molecular basis of animal behaviour, with particular focus on domestication, epigenetic programming, gene–environment interactions, and neurogenomic regulation of stress and aggression. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing and artificial intelligence driven behavioural phenotyping are examined for their potential to enable targeted behaviour modification. Domestication studies, including long-term selection experiments, provide foundational evidence for heritability of behavioural traits. Genome-wide analyses reveal that behaviour is governed by complex gene networks involving neurotransmission, neurodevelopment, and endocrine signaling. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification further modulate behavioural plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. Additionally, neuroendocrine pathways, particularly the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, play central roles in stress and aggression. Recent advances in genome editing enable precise manipulation of genes associated with behaviour, while AI-based systems provide high-resolution behavioural phenotyping in livestock systems. These developments offer opportunities to improve animal welfare and productivity but raise important ethical and regulatory considerations. This review highlights the integration of molecular genetics, computational tools, and veterinary science in shaping the future of behaviour research.