Natural Nano-Systems and their Biomimetic Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Nature has a great ability to create intricate nano-systems that perform complex functions with unparalleled precision and efficiency. These naturally synthesised nanomaterials and nanostructures, under ambient conditions in living organisms, are the source of inspiration for the design of new technologies in many scientific disciplines. Nanotechnology is a growing field of research, and research in this field has been incorporated into most aspects of human life. There are many examples in natural systems where the presence of nanostructures enhances efficiency and survival by plants, animals and microbes. Nanostuctures in natural systems are tiny, organised structures at the nanoscale (1 to 100 nanometers) and enable biological, chemical, and physical processes with remarkable efficiency.  This article reviews the intricate nanostructures employed by various biological entities, highlighting how these systems contribute to survival and efficiency. The presence of nanostructures aids in functional adaptations of various organisms. Key examples include the super-hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf, super-adhesion properties of gecko feet, and specialised glands of carnivorous plants like Drosera to trap prey. Hydrodynamic advantages of shark skin, the structural colouration of butterfly wings, and the antireflective properties of moth eyes also showcase the engineering powers of nature at the nanoscale.  Biomimetic approaches inspired by natural nanotechnologies have led to breakthroughs in industrial applications. For instance, the lotus effect exemplifies how micro- and nanostructured surfaces can be engineered to achieve dramatically high contact angles and self-cleaning capabilities. Exploration of the remarkable adaptations found in nature and a deeper understanding of hierarchical nanoscale structures can inspire advancements in bioengineering, ultimately leading to cost-effective and sustainable technological applications.