Nanotechnology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Advances in Antiviral Therapies and Applications

Abstract

Innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive strategies must be developed to combat the emergence of new viral pathogens and the resurgence of known viruses. Using nanotechnology to enhance antiviral therapeutic efficacy through improved drug delivery, targeted viral inhibition, and immune modulation has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing these viral threats. SARS-CoV-2, hemorrhagic viruses, and zoonotic pathogens can be combated with nanotechnology-based platforms, including nanogels, dendrimers, and metal-based nanoparticles. As a result of recent advances in nanoparticle engineering, "smart" systems can respond to viral infection markers, deliver therapeutics to specific sites, and control drug release profiles. Using nanotechnology to develop vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, can enhance immune responses and accelerate vaccine rollout. Additionally, multifunctional nanomaterials enable early and accurate detection of viral pathogens using antiviral diagnostics. As well as discussing advances in addressing viral resistance, this review examines theranostic applications, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities within single nanostructures. This study highlights the potential for nanomedicine to revolutionize antiviral therapies, improve treatment outcomes, and develop rapid-response solutions to future viral threats by examining the recent applications of nanotechnology in viral disease management.