Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome: A Case Report and Updated Literature Review

Abstract

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome is a rare multisystemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting melanocyte-containing tissues, including the eyes, meninges, skin, and inner ear. We report the case of a 19-year-old Afro-Caucasian female presenting with sudden unilateral vision loss that rapidly progressed to bilateral involvement. Ophthalmic imaging demonstrated serous retinal detachments with characteristic angiographic findings. Ancillary investigations  revealed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with no evidence of infection. A diagnosis of incomplete VKH syndrome was established, and the patient was treated with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids followed by oral tapering, leading to a favorable anatomical and functional  outcome. This report highlights the importance of multimodal imaging and early aggressive corticosteroid therapy in improving visual prognosis. We also provide an updated review of current literature on the immunopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for VKH syndrome.