Metabolic Shifts Induced by Helminth Infections and Their Contribution to Stunting in Vulnerable Populations

Abstract

Aims: to revisit the condition of chronic metabolic shifting caused by immunomodulatory sequence facilitated by helminth infection together with other deteriorating condition such as persistent exposure to infection which contributes to stunting formation. Discussion: During dynamic interaction between active helminth infection and the host, the helminth and its excretory/secretory products induce and arouse the type 2 immune response which drives host tolerance and plays an important role in promoting tissue repair. Helminths also activates M2 Macrophages and induce a metabolic shift, even metabolic reprogramming towards reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, lipid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Helminth-induced activation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages precede the improvement in overall whole-body metabolism, denoted by improved insulin sensitivity, body mass in response to high-fat diet and atherogenic index in mammals. Contributions of altered nutrient uptake, adipose tissue function and/or the intestinal microbiota with the ability of helminths to alter metabolic status play a pivotal role in increased metabolism rate and may lead to wasting and even stunting formation. Conclusion: Helminth drives the type 2 immunity and activates its cell line which is responsible for metabolic shifting and reprogramming.