A Review on Uses of Bhilwa (Semecarpus anacardium) in the Indian Context

Abstract

Semecarpus anacardium, commonly known as Bhilwa or the Marking Nut Tree, is a medicinally significant deciduous tree found throughout India and neighbouring regions. This review explores its ethnomedicinal legacy, botanical traits, phytochemistry, and multifaceted pharmacological activities. Bioactive constituents such as biflavonoids, bhilawanols, and phenolic compounds contribute to its documented anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and neuroprotective effects. The species demonstrates potent antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, and antispermatogenic activities, supporting wide-ranging traditional and contemporary therapeutic applications. Despite promising preclinical evidence, challenges persist regarding standardization, clinical validation, and safety profiling. Additionally, S. anacardium’s role as a boundary tree and host for lac insects provides ecological and socioeconomic benefits. Awareness of its cultivation and responsible utilization is crucial for meeting increasing pharmaceutical demand and sustaining traditional knowledge. Bridging the gap between ethnobotanical practices and evidence-based medicine remains a key priority for future research on this versatile medicinal species.