Management and Control Strategies for the Corn Leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis): A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis), vector of the corn stunt complex (Spiroplasma kunkelii, Phytoplasma, and MRFV) in corn (Zea mays L.), causes losses of up to 100% in the crop. This review aimed to analyze the limitations of current control methods and the potential of integrated strategies. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, selecting 8 articles (N=8) published between 2021 and 2025 to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological control tactics against D. maidis. The review reveals that chemical control, such as seed treatment, has limited effectiveness (persisting up to stage V2) and fails to prevent transmission by already infected insects. Strategies focused solely on vector mortality have been proven insufficient. In contrast, biocontrol with entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Cordyceps javanica) has proven to be more effective, as it disrupts the feeding behavior of D. maidis and directly interrupts pathogen transmission. In the field, the combination of these fungi with resistant hybrid seeds has achieved efficacy equivalent to that of insecticides. It is concluded that effective management requires a paradigm shift: from population control to interruption of transmission. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), integrating resistant hybrids, monitoring, and behavioral biocontrol, is consolidating itself as the most sustainable and resilient strategy.