Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from Urine Samples of Asymptomatic Undergraduate Students at Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are common constituents of the human microbiome, often found as harmless commensals in various anatomical sites such as the nose, gut, and skin. However, their presence in asymptomatic individuals poses a risk of transmission and subsequent infection, especially in communal settings like universities. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli among asymptomatic undergraduate students at Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, by identifying colonization rates and associated risk factors. Urine samples from 131 students, aged 15-30 years, were analyzed using urine microscopy, culture techniques, and various biochemical tests. The samples were cultured on CLED and MacConkey agar, followed by incubation under aerobic conditions. Gram staining and additional tests such as the catalase, coagulase, oxidase, and indole tests were performed for bacterial identification. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Obtained data was subjected to Statistical package for social science (SPSS) and data was analyzed using descriptive statistic. Results showed that 79 (60.31%) of the samples exhibited bacterial growth. Irrespective of other isolates the prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus identified was 39 (29.77%) and Escherichia coli 31 (23.66%) in the samples among the undergraduate student at Benson Idahosa university. Other bacteria such as Proteus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also detected. Notably, 52 (39.69%) samples showed no bacterial growth. The demographic analysis revealed higher colonization rates among females (75.95%) compared to males (24.05%), and the highest prevalence was observed in students aged 19-22 years. The antibiogram indicated significant resistance in both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with 40% of the isolates being multidrug-resistant. These findings highlight the critical need for regular screening, effective infection control measures, and robust antibiotic stewardship programs within the university to manage and mitigate the risks associated with bacterial colonization and transmission. The study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and targeted interventions to safeguard public health in university settings, addressing both the spread of these pathogens and the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research should focus on the genetic mechanisms of resistance and exploring alternative treatment options to enhance infection management strategies.