Effects of Cocos nucifera (L.) Fruit Extract on Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Levels in Testosterone Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland associated with ageing and androgenic stimulation. This study investigated the ameliorative effect of Cocos nucifera (L.) fruit extract on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in testosterone propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in male Wistar rats. A total of seventy-six (76) male Wistar rats were used, with twenty (20) animals utilised for preliminary studies and determination of LD50, while fifty-six (56) animals were used for the main experiment. The animals were divided into seven (7) groups, with eight (8) Wistar rats in each group. Benign prostatic hyperplasia was induced using testosterone propionate (TP). Group 2 received TP only without treatment. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg of Cocos nucifera extract, respectively, while Group 6 received 50 mg/kg tamsulosin. Serum PSA levels were evaluated after 28 and 56 days of treatment. Group 2 showed a significant elevation (p < 0.05) in PSA levels compared with the normal control group, confirming successful BPH induction. Treatment with Cocos nucifera (L.) extract significantly reduced PSA levels in the treated groups compared with the positive control group. The high-dose and prolonged-treatment groups showed greater reductions in PSA concentration, suggesting dose-dependent ameliorative activity of the extract. These findings indicate that Cocos nucifera (L.) fruit extract may exert protective effects against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia and may have potential relevance in the management of prostate disorders.