Investigating the Impact of Government Mid-day Meal Schemes on the Reduction of Anemia Prevalence Among Primary School Children in Bulandshahr District, India

Abstract

Background: Anemia continues to be a major public health issue among school-aged children in India, particularly in undeserved regions. The Government’s Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme aims to improve child nutrition by providing daily nutritious meals in government and government-aided schools. Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence of anemia among primary school children aged 6–12 years in Bulandshahr district, Uttar Pradesh. It evaluates the impact of the MDM Scheme on hemoglobin levels and examines the role of socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, residential area, and maternal education in influencing anemia and nutritional status. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving 600 students (300 urban, 300 rural) selected through stratified random sampling. Hemoglobin levels were measured using field-appropriate techniques, and anthropometric data were collected. Statistical tools included chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results: Anemia prevalence was 33.3%, with rural children more affected (40.0%) than urban peers (26.7%). A significant improvement in hemoglobin levels was observed following participation in the MDM Scheme (mean increase = 1.3 g/dL, p < 0.001). Hemoglobin showed a moderate positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.41), and socio-demographic factors explained 21.8% of the variance in hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: The MDM Scheme has demonstrated effectiveness in improving hemoglobin levels and reducing anemia. However, disparities by area and maternal education remain. Strengthening the program through micronutrient fortification, regular screening, and community education is recommended to enhance its impact.