Impacts of Vehicular Pollution on Plants: A Review of Physical, Chemical and Biological Effects

Abstract

Vehicular pollution is a substantial global environmental issue that contributes to the degradation of ecosystems and air quality. Pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, and heavy metals, exert a direct influence on plants, which are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and promoting environmental health. This review examines the physical, chemical, and biological effects of vehicular pollution on plants, with a particular emphasis on the effects on photosynthesis, growth, and ecosystem services. The most significant observations are morphological changes, such as leaf deformation and growth inhibition, biochemical alterations, such as reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, and evident damage, such as necrosis and chlorosis. The interrelated issues posed by pollution are highlighted by the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and the disturbance of soil-plant nutrient cycles. The review emphasizes the function of plants as bioindicators and their capacity for pollution mitigation, with pollution-tolerant species providing solutions for urban greening and ecosystem restoration. Future research should concentrate on the development of sustainable strategies by integrating multidisciplinary approaches, utilizing emerging technologies such as remote sensing and biomarkers, and examining the combined impacts of climate change and pollution.