Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production in Ghana: A Review of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

Abstract

This study identifies and examine the impact of climate change in the rice sector of Ghana. This review aims to explore effective adaptation strategies to sustain production and food security. As a major concern to food production in Ghana, it seeks to address the challenges and how to mitigate these challenges concerning the production of rice. The literature was categorized into: (1) rainfall change patterns and effects on rice yield and grain quality; (2) temperature variability and physiological stress responses; (3) influence of extreme weather events; and (4) mitigation strategies including precision agriculture and water conservation technologies. Climate related factors significantly affect rice production in Ghana. Rainfall variability caused 15-30% yield reductions in rain-fed systems, while temperature rise increased pollen sterility, reducing yields by 10-15% per heat-stress event. Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, caused up to 50% yield loss. Adaptation strategies like drought-tolerant varieties, controlled irrigation, and mixed cropping helped reduce impacts, but adoption rates remain low due to limited extension support, financial constraints, and inadequate access to climate information services. Climate change significantly affects Ghana's rice production, with rain-fed systems experiencing 15-40% yield declines. Despite adaptation efforts, production remains vulnerable, and Ghana relies heavily on imports, accounting for 50-70% of domestic consumption. Investing in strategies like drought-tolerant varieties, precision agriculture, and sustainable water management can help sustain production, ensure food security, and support rural livelihoods.