Impact of Adopting Organic Fertilization, Improved Fallow on Income of Maize Producing Farmers in Togo: Using Endogenous Switching Regression Model

Abstract

Background and Aims: In Togo, the maritime region is the most penalized by declining soil fertility and the effect of climatic variability, with the lowest average maize yield of all Togo's regions. This study therefore analyzes the determinants of the adoption of organic fertilization and improved fallow with Mucuna pruriens as a sustainable agricultural practice, and assesses the impact of these practices on the income of maize producers in Togo. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Togolese Agricultural Research Institute and the University of Lomé in Togo from January to July 2025. Methodology: For this purpose, data were collected from 145 farmer-members of cereal producer organizations in the maritime region and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an Endogenous Switching Regression model to account for the heterogeneity in the decision to adopt sustainable practices. Results: 33.6% of producers surveyed were women and 66.4% were men. The most represented age group is between 40 and 49, with 45.8% of growers. 56% of agricultural producers adopt sustainable farming practices. Econometric analysis using an endogenous switching regression model revealed that the variables soil fertility, tractor use, access to non-governmental organization extension services and training in integrated soil fertility management had a positive impact on the probability of adopting sustainable practices.  In addition, the study shows that organic fertilization and improved fallow increase farm income by 14.15%. Conclusion: Finally, these results call on research and agricultural extension institutions to adapt their actions to ensure the success of agricultural extension and increased income for producers. Thus, policies for the mechanization of agriculture and training of farmers in sustainable agricultural practices must be strengthened.