Hepato-Renal Consequences and Oxidative Stress Response of Female Wistar Rats Exposed to Water Pipe Tobacco

Abstract

Water pipe tobacco smoking, commonly known as shisha or hookah, has gained increasing popularity, particularly among females, despite growing evidence of its adverse health effects. This study investigated the hepato-renal consequences and oxidative stress response of female Wistar rats exposed to water pipe tobacco smoke. Twenty-five adult female Wistar rats (120–150 g) were randomly divided into five groups: a control group and four exposure groups subjected to shisha smoke for 10 or 20 minutes daily for either 2 or 4 weeks. Hepatic biomarkers (AST, ALT, ALP), renal function indices (urea, creatinine, electrolytes), and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, catalase, and MDA) were analyzed using standard biochemical methods. Results showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in AST, ALT, and ALP levels in exposed groups compared to control, indicating hepatocellular injury and possible cholestatic damage. Renal function analysis revealed significant alterations in urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels, suggesting impaired renal and electrolyte homeostasis. Oxidative stress assessment demonstrated significant elevations in antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, catalase) alongside increased malondialdehyde levels, indicating enhanced lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. These findings demonstrate that exposure to water pipe tobacco smoke induces hepato-renal toxicity and oxidative stress in female Wistar rats, with effects dependent on exposure duration and intensity. The study highlights the potential health risks associated with shisha smoking and underscores the need for increased public health awareness and regulatory interventions.