Hydrogel-A Water Wise Paradigm for Soil Resilience: A Review

Abstract

Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked polymeric networks with remarkable water absorption and retention capacity. It acts as a "miniature water reservoir" that releases water slowly on demand from the root due to osmotic pressure differences. The functional groups of the hydrogel reduce soil nutrient loss through leaching, which allows for a reduction in fertigation recommendations.Their agricultural use has gained prominence as a strategy to mitigate water scarcity, improve soil properties, and enhance crop productivity.This review synthesizes current knowledge on the historical development, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of hydrogels, while critically examining their effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological functions. Their role in improving crop performance, remediating heavy metals, and contributing to soil resilience is highlighted. Biodegradability, environmental safety, practical applications, limitations, and future perspectives are also discussed. Even though hydrogels represent a promising tool in sustainable agriculture, its effectiveness in acidic soils is low due to its lower swelling capacity under lower pH. Hence, further research is necessary to optimize their use across soil types and cropping systems.