Bioinspired Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Typha domingensis Leaves: Integrating Phytochemical Composition, Molecular Docking and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation

Abstract

Aims: This study evaluated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Typha domingensis leaf extract and examined their selected biological activities. Methodology: GC-MS analysis was used to identify phytoconstituents in the aqueous extract. AgNPs were synthesised through a plant-mediated approach and characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX, particle-size analysis, and zeta-potential measurements. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed against selected microbial strains. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging assays, while anti-inflammatory activity was examined using the red blood cell membrane stabilisation assay. Selected GC-MS-identified compounds were docked against TNF-α and COX-2. Results: SEM showed predominantly hexagonal particles ranging from 80 to 90 nm. The mean particle size was 81.6 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.206 and a zeta potential of –78.1 mV. The AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial and fungal isolates, an antioxidant IC₅₀ value of 14.2 μg/mL, and 55.31% membrane protection at 50 μg/mL. Docking analysis indicated possible interactions of selected phytochemicals with the inflammatory targets. Conclusion: Typha domingensis leaf extract supported the eco-friendly synthesis of stable AgNPs with measurable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Further mechanistic, toxicity, stability, and in vivo studies are required before biomedical application can be considered.