Clinical Epidemiological Analysis of Lassa Fever Predictors and Outcomes in Primary Healthcare Centres in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction: Lassa fever is a serious viral haemorrhagic disease prevalent in West Africa, causing considerable illness and death. Early detection at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) is essential for minimizing diagnostic delays and enhancing patient outcomes. This study aimed to identify the clinical signs that predict Lassa fever and assess the outcomes of patients who visit PHCs in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 15 PHCs in Rivers State from January 2023 to March 2025. The medical records of patients suspected of having Lassa fever were examined. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression to pinpoint independent clinical predictors. Results: Out of 312 suspected cases analysed, 78 (25.0%) were confirmed as positive for Lassa fever. Key clinical predictors identified were persistent fever lasting more than seven days (AOR = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.62-5.98), bleeding tendencies (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI: 2.11-11.12), sore throat (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.32-5.79), and hearing loss (AOR = 6.41, 95% CI: 1.90-21.59). The mortality rate among confirmed cases was 20.5%. Conclusion: Significant clinical indicators of Lassa fever at the PHC level include persistent fever, bleeding, sore throat, and hearing loss. It is important to improve the diagnostic capabilities and early referral processes at PHCs to improve patient outcomes.