From Timber Treasury to Conservation Priority: A Review of Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig

Abstract

Diospyros ebenum (Ceylon ebony), a slow-growing evergreen tree native to Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India, is highly valued for its dense, jet-black heartwood and traditional medicinal uses. However, extensive logging, habitat fragmentation, and poor natural regeneration have led to severe population decline, with the species currently classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN.  Existing literature highlights its significant pharmacological potential, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties attributed to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Despite this value, regeneration remains limited due to low seed viability and environmental stress. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the ecological status, phytochemical potential, and propagation challenges of D. ebenum, while emphasizing the role of plant tissue culture and sustainable plantation strategies in its conservation and long-term utilization.