Fish Farming, Nutrition and Food Security in Manipur: Production Gaps and Farm- Level Economics

Abstract

Background: Fisheries are a vital nutrition-sensitive food system contributing to food security, dietary protein intake, and rural livelihood resilience, particularly in regions where fish is a primary animal-source food. In Manipur, fish plays a central role in dietary nutrition, making its production and accessibility crucial for nutrition security. Aims: The study examined fisheries development in Manipur by linking inland fish production patterns and resource availability with farm-level economic performance to assess implications for food and nutrition security. Study Design: A mixed-method approach combining secondary data analysis and primary farm-level survey data was adopted. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Bishnupur and Imphal West districts of Manipur, India, during 2022–23. Methodology: Secondary data were used to assess inland water resources, fish production trends, and demand–supply gaps. Primary data were collected from 96 fish farmers through structured interviews to analyze input use, cost structure, production practices, and income generation. Standard cost concepts (Cost A₁, Cost B, and Cost C) and economic indicators such as gross income, net income, and benefit–cost ratio were estimated. Results: Manipur has 56,461.05 hectares of inland water resources, of which only 39% is utilized, indicating substantial underuse. This has resulted in a fish production deficit of 19,480 tonnes. Production is concentrated in valley districts, especially Bishnupur and Imphal West, reflecting regional disparities. The total cost of fish production was ₹105,483.60 per hectare, while gross and net returns were ₹198,592.80 and ₹93,109.20, respectively, with a benefit–cost ratio of 1.88, indicating strong economic viability. Polyculture systems significantly contributed to income and dietary protein supply. Conclusion: Although fish farming is economically viable and supports nutrition-sensitive food systems, underutilization of resources and spatial disparities limit its potential. Expanding aquaculture through improved resource use and balanced regional development can enhance affordable protein availability, strengthen rural livelihoods, and improve nutrition security in Manipur.