Farmers' Awareness and Use of Certified Common Bean Seeds in Mbozi and Momba Districts, Tanzania: Evidence from a Triple Hurdle Model

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates the levels and determinants of awareness, use, and intensity of use of certified common bean seed among smallholder farmers in Mbozi and Momba districts, Tanzania. It addresses the persistent challenge of low productivity due to the limited awareness and continued use of uncertified seeds. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employed the Triple Hurdle Model to capture the sequential nature of farmers’ decisions—from awareness through to intensity of certified seed use. The theoretical foundation is based on the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 340 smallholder farmers, and econometric analysis was used to examine the influencing factors at each decision stage. Findings: Despite the development of over 40 improved common bean varieties since 1977, the use of certified common bean seeds remains low due to limited awareness and access. The results show that extension services, household size, gender, farming experience, education level, yield farm size, and membership to farmers’ groups variables significantly affect awareness, use, and usage intensity. Practical Implications: The findings highlight the need for targeted awareness campaigns, improved extension service delivery, and supportive seed distribution policies. These measures can significantly enhance the uptake of certified common bean seeds, thereby improving yields and contributing to income and food security in rural areas. Originality/Value: This study uniquely applies the Triple Hurdle Model to disentangle the stages of awareness, use and intensity of use of certified common bean seeds. It contributes to the existing literature by offering context-specific evidence and actionable insights for improving formal seed system effectiveness in sub-Saharan Africa.