Immune Reactivity to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background: The interaction between immune responses and vaccine efficacy in individuals with underlying health conditions is a topic of growing significance. In the realm of infectious diseases, the impact of Type 2 diabetes on immune reactions to vaccines, specifically the Hepatitis B vaccine, has garnered attention. This investigation delves into the intricate interplay between the immune system and vaccine-induced protection in Type 2 diabetic patients. By elucidating the unique dynamics of immune responses in this context, valuable insights can emerge, potentially paving the way for tailored vaccination strategies and improved healthcare outcomes for this vulnerable population. Aim of the Study: This research aimed to investigate the immune reactions to the hepatitis B vaccine among individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study investigated immune responses to the hepatitis B vaccine in type 2 diabetic patients. Employing experimental design, participants were chosen through non-probability purposive sampling and divided into diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Key seromarkers (anti-HBs, IFN-γ, IL-2) were assessed after vaccination using approved analytics and correlated with diabetes duration. The research, conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, involved 67 participants (33 diabetics, 34 non-diabetics) meeting inclusion criteria while excluding certain cases. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants provided informed consent. Serum samples were analyzed at specific post-vaccination days for different markers. Statistical analysis was employed, including Z and t-tests, Pearson's Correlation, and SPSS-17 software, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The study compared various parameters between diabetic and non-diabetic groups after hepatitis B vaccination. Both groups had similar mean ages, serum bilirubin levels, ALT levels, and serum creatinine levels. Fasting plasma glucose was higher in diabetics. Gender distribution was comparable in both groups. Protective anti-HBs titers varied, with more low titers in diabetics and high titers in non-diabetics, but not statistically significant. Post-vaccination anti-HBs titers were lower in diabetics, yet not significantly. Notably, IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in diabetics, while IL-2 levels post-vaccination were similar. Overall, the study observed several differences but most were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights that immune responses to the Hepatitis B vaccine in Type 2 diabetic patients may exhibit variations compared to non-diabetic individuals. Further research is imperative to understand these responses better, enabling the optimization of vaccination strategies for improved protection against Hepatitis B in this vulnerable population.