Evaluating the Water Purification Potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem): A Low-cost Solution for Microbial and Chemical Contaminant Reduction in Guyana

Abstract

Access to clean water remains a critical challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigates the potential of Azadirachta indica (Neem) as a natural, low-cost solution for water purification, focusing on its antimicrobial properties and impact on key water quality parameters. Water samples from Laluni Creek, Guyana, were treated with varying concentrations of Neem seed powder (0.5–3.0 g/L) and Neem leaf solutions (0.75–1.50 g/150 mL). Water samples were treated using a multi-layer filter and Neem extracts tested for microbial and chemical indicators. Results indicated that Neem leaves at 1.50 g/150 mL eliminated E. coli, meeting WHO guidelines, while higher seed concentrations (3.0 g/L) neutralized pH (7.63) but increased turbidity (17.2 NTU) and total dissolved solids (229 mg/L). Statistical analysis (Friedman test, χ² = 14.286, *p* < 0.001) confirmed significant effects of Neem concentration on post-filtration water quality. The study highlights Neem’s promise for microbial reduction but underscores challenges in turbidity and TDS management, suggesting the need for optimized formulations or hybrid treatments.