Enhancing Oil Yield and Quality of Cymbopogon winterianus through Organic Manures in Moringa oleifera-Based Agroforestry Systems

Abstract

This study evaluated the impact of organic manures on the oil attributes and quality parameters of Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella java) under Moringa oleifera-based agroforestry and open-field systems during 2022–2023. A randomized block design with 14 nutrient management treatments, including combinations of farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and neem cake, was employed. Results indicated that the combined application of FYM, vermicompost, and neem cake (33.3% each) significantly enhanced oil content, oil recovery, and total oil yield compared to the control. Specifically, this combination yielded the highest oil content (1.14%), average oil recovery (0.66%), and total oil yield (81.52 L ha⁻¹) under shade conditions. Physical parameters such as specific gravity (0.87–0.88), refractive index (1.47), and optical rotation (-2.87 to -2.91°) were consistent with BIS standards and unaffected by nutrient treatments. Similarly, chemical properties like acid value (1.21–1.24) and ester value (22.12–24.12) remained within standard specifications. Notably, the agroforestry system improved oil yield and quality parameters compared to open-field conditions, attributed to the favourable microclimatic conditions and nutrient cycling provided by Moringa oleifera.