Engaging Men and Boys in Preventing Gender-Based Violence: Insights from Participatory Action Research in Arusha District, Tanzania

Abstract

Gender Based Violence (GBV) remains a critical human rights and public health challenge globally and in Tanzania, where nearly 40% of ever-married women report intimate partner violence. Conventional interventions have predominantly focused on protecting women and girls, often excluding men and boys from meaningful engagement and reinforcing the perception of GBV as a “women’s issue.” This study explores the role of men and boys in preventing GBV in Arusha District Council through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. By involving 60 participants across two wards, the study facilitated cycles of reflection, dialogue, and action that positioned men and boys as co-researchers. The research targeted males aged 15 and above, including students, out-of-school youth, young adults, adult men, community leaders, and faith-based actors. Findings reveal that participants initially perceived GBV narrowly as physical abuse but, through participatory engagement, broadened their understanding to include emotional, psychological, and economic violence. PAR proved effective in promoting attitudinal change, with men and boys beginning to critically reflect on harmful masculinities and embrace more equitable behaviors. However, generational differences, peer stigma, and entrenched patriarchal norms remain significant barriers to sustained change. The PAR methodology proved highly effective in encouraging introspection and promoting attitude change among men and boys in both wards. In both Oltrumet and Nduruma, participatory mapping exercises allowed men and boys to identify local GBV hotspots, the triggers of violence, and the social pressures that sustain them. The study demonstrates that participatory, community-driven approaches can shift perceptions and foster ownership of GBV prevention strategies. It contributes to policy discussions on inclusive GBV interventions and provides practical insights into designing gender-transformative programs that align with Tanzania’s national priorities and Sustainable Development Goal 5.