Effects of Large-Scale Solar Parks on Agriculture, Livelihoods, and the Local Environment in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India

Abstract

The present study examines the effects of a solar park on agriculture, livelihood, employment, livestock, and the local environment in Kawni village of Rajasthan. The study is a descriptive, survey-based field methodology which is mainly based on primary data, collected from 60 respondents using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal distinct trade-offs associated with solar park development. A substantial majority of respondents (90%) reported a reduction in agricultural land, while 73% indicated restricted access to farmland and 70% reported a decline in grazing land availability. At the same time, the solar park generated notable economic benefits, with 93% of households reporting improved income, 75% acknowledging local employment generation, and 90% indicating increased non-farm employment opportunities, leading to reduced dependence on agriculture (82%). Environmental concerns were also prominent, with 50% of respondents reporting increased competition for irrigation water, 54% perceiving increased soil dryness, and 82% reporting higher local temperatures. Overall, the study highlights a clear tension between short-term economic gains and long-term agricultural and environmental sustainability in an arid region. It concludes that while solar energy development contributes to rural income security and renewable energy goals, integrated and inclusive planning approaches like agrivoltaics, water management, or livelihood safeguards etc are essential to minimize ecological impacts and support sustainable rural livelihoods.