Calculation of the Radius for Any Atom Based on the Planck Constant-free Equation, Mathematical Complexity, and Atomism

Abstract

Concern has been expressed against the new theories, Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) and Schrödinger wave/quantum mechanics (SE) that are purported to have replaced Bohr’s theory and equation. The research was undertaken with the following objectives: 1) to review concerns about atomism; 2) appraise the issues of mathematical complexities in HUP and SE; 3) review criticism against SE and HUP; 4) most importantly derive a Planck constant invariant equation for the calculation of any atomic radii; and 5) re-calculate the radii of selected elements chosen for their biological importance. The theoretical research with calculations, showed that the opposing theories are criticised because, they are obsessed with mathematical complexities with ambiguities without common ground that should usher alternative solution to the problem of the size of atom and thus, they cannot be considered as a valid description of reality. Bohr’s equation and variants of it and the Planck constant invariant equation (Eq. (15)) derived in this research are regarded as deterministic in nature and were capable of reproducing Bohr’s radii for any atom; the radii were also capable of reproducing the average ionisation energies of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, chosen for illustration only, when substituted into derived preliminary equation (Eq. (10)).