Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Surface and Groundwater from Eleme Communities in Rivers State

Abstract

Surface and groundwater are critical sources of fresh water globally, essential for drinking and agricultural purposes. However, both sources are increasingly affected by pollution from industrial activities and urban runoff, which introduces toxic metals and contaminants. This study focuses on Eleme Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria, where water sources are heavily contaminated by chemical and petrochemical products from major local industries. The analysis reveals that groundwater pH is consistently acidic (4.1-6.1), falling below WHO permissible limits, indicating a need for treatment before usage. Seasonal variations affect temperature, conductivity, and TDS, with increased levels during the dry season. Total solids concentration in surface water in the area is high and above WHO limits with TDS level of Aleto River (5970.40-11454mg/L) and Agbonchia River (89.8-91.20 mg/L), and TSS level of Aleto River (89.8-91.20mg/L) and Agbonchia River (81.0 mg/L). Also, turbidity in the area surface water was found to be elevated and exceeding WHO limit with Aleto River (74.44-89.0 NTU) and Agbonchia River (31-71 NTU). Elevated chloride, calcium, and magnesium levels, along with high oil/grease concentrations during the dry season, signal the need for remediation. Cadmium (Aleto Rivers:0.004mg/L, Agbonchia River: 0.004-0.005mg/L) and Iron (Aleto Rivers:1.98-2.35mg/L, Agbonchia River: 1.05-1.695mg/L), concentrations in surface water also surpass WHO limits, highlighting significant contamination issues. This study provides essential data on water quality in Eleme, underscoring the importance of addressing contamination to protect human health and ensure access to safe drinking water.