Development of a Solar-Powered Automated Lighting and Agrivoltaic Trellis System for Enhanced Photosynthesis in Dragon Fruit Cultivation

Abstract

Agrovoltaics, the co-location of agricultural production and photovoltaic (PV) energy generation on the same land area, has emerged as a sustainable approach to address land-use conflicts, energy demands, and climate resilience in agriculture. This research investigates the feasibility and performance of cultivating dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) under an agrovoltaic system integrated with a trellis-based cultivation structure. Dragon fruit, a climbing cactus crop with partial shade tolerance, presents high potential for agrovoltaic integration due to its vertical growth habit and adaptability to modified microclimatic conditions. In the present study, a customised trellis system was established for dragon fruit cultivation, above which solar photovoltaic panels were installed to function both as energy-generating units and as partial shading structures. The PV panels were mounted at an optimized height above the trellis to ensure adequate solar radiation penetration while minimizing excessive heat stress on the crop. Supporting electrical components, including a charge controller, energy storage system, and LED lighting units, were strategically positioned above the trellis system. The generated solar power was utilized to operate LED lights for supplemental illumination during low-light conditions and for powering auxiliary farm requirements, thereby enhancing energy self-sufficiency. The agrovoltaic setup significantly influenced the microclimate beneath the panels by moderating temperature, reducing direct solar radiation intensity, and improving soil moisture retention. These conditions contributed to improved vegetative growth, reduced evapotranspiration losses, and enhanced plant health compared to conventional open-field cultivation. The trellis-supported vertical growth ensured efficient land utilization while maintaining ease of cultural operations. Preliminary observations indicated improved flowering uniformity and fruit set, attributed to controlled light exposure and reduced thermal stress. The study demonstrates that integrating dragon fruit cultivation with agrovoltaic technology is technically feasible and agronomically beneficial. The dual-use system enhances land productivity, promotes renewable energy generation, and supports climate-smart horticultural practices. This agrovoltaic model offers a promising pathway for sustainable fruit production, particularly for small and marginal farmers seeking to optimize land, water, and energy resources under changing climatic conditions.