Choroidal Melanoma with Cerebral Extension: A Case Report

Abstract

Choroidal melanoma is a rare and aggressive form of primary eye cancer originating from melanocytes in the choroid. Although the disease is infrequent, it can metastasize to distant organs, particularly the liver, lungs, and brain, with cerebral extension significantly worsening the prognosis. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for choroidal melanoma with cerebral metastasis. We report the case of a 30-year-old male who underwent enucleation for right eye choroidal melanoma five years ago, later developing brain metastasis, which was successfully treated with neurosurgery. Treatment strategies for choroidal melanoma with cerebral extension are multifaceted, including local treatment of ocular tumors and systemic approaches such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Despite treatment advances, the prognosis remains poor, underscoring the need for early detection and personalized, multidisciplinary management.