Characterization of Cervical Lesions among HIV-Infected Women at HIV Clinic, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of cervical lesions due to immune suppression. In Nigeria, where HIV remains prevalent, characterizing these lesions can guide targeted screening strategies. Objective: To characterize cervical lesions among HIV-positive women attending the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, and to assess associations with immunological and clinical factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 61 HIV-positive women between January and May 2025. Participants underwent visual inspection with acetic acid/Lugol iodine (VIA/VILI) and liquid-based cytology. Statistical analysis included descriptive methods, t-test, Pearson correlation, and ordinal logistic regression. Results: Cervical lesion prevalence was 50.8%. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) was most common (61.3%), followed by inflammation (19.4%), ASCUS (12.9%), and high-grade SIL (6.5%). CD4+ count was significantly associated with lesion severity (t = 37.186, p < 0.001; B = 2.715). HIV viral load showed a moderate inverse correlation (r = –0.340), and ART duration was negatively correlated with lesion occurrence (r = –0.256). Conclusion: CD4+ count is a key predictor of cervical lesion severity. Integrating cervical screening into HIV care, especially for immunocompromised women, is vital for early detection and intervention.