Bioactive Compounds in Moringa oleifera and Their Role in Preventing Dental Caries

Abstract

Moringa oleifera, referred to as the drumstick or Miracle tree, has become well-known for its abundant nutritional and therapeutic benefits, especially in traditional medical practices. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, tannins, and saponins are the bioactive phytochemicals found in various parts of the plant. The leaves, in particular, support its antibacterial, anti-quorum, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. M. oleifera is employed as a natural remedy to prevent dental caries, a common chronic disease primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and other genera including Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Scardovia and Enterobacter species. Traditional therapies, such as surgical excision of decaying tissue and synthetic drugs like Chlorhexidine, can be invasive, expensive, and harmful to the oral microbiome. This review highlights the anti-cariogenic potential of M. oleifera through its various mechanisms. The bioactive substances in M. oleifera lessen the formation of acid, prevent bacterial growth and biofilm formation, disrupt quorum sensing, and shield oral tissues from inflammation and oxidative damage. Significantly, M. oleifera extracts have shown potent inhibitory effects on S. mutans biofilms; studies have shown ethanol extracts have superior efficacy and formulations such as herbal toothpaste or topical gels show comparable efficacy to Chlorhexidine while minimizing side effects like mucosal irritation and tooth staining. Furthermore, the plant has shown promise in a non-invasive caries management strategy, especially during post-pandemic oral health practices, when used in green synthesis of herbal toothpaste and nano-silver fluoride formulations. Although M. oleifera is an affordable natural remedy, it has its drawbacks, like bitterness, neurotoxic substances in roots, and a lack of standardized doses. Despite this, its high level of bioactivity indicates that it may be used as an adjuvant in dental care. To validate and optimize its use in oral health products, further research is a necessity.