Effect of Dietary Cation-anion Difference (DCAD) on Dry Matter Intake, Milk Yield and Reproductive Health of Transition Cattle and Buffalo: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

This review focuses on managing dairy animals during the transition period using the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) concept. Transition period is described as the period from 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition. Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) is a concept based on the strong ion difference theory, which is important for the maintenance of desirable acid-base status and is placed 3rd in homeostatic priorities. The authors have compiled and evaluated research on both dairy cattle and buffalo, examining the effects of DCAD on nutrient utilization, milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, urine pH, hypocalcaemia, ketosis, negative energy balance, and overall health. The findings indicate that DCAD is an effective management strategy for the transition period in dairy animals. Based on research conducted on cattle and buffalo species, author recommend -100 and +200 mEq/kg of DM, in prepartum and postpartum stage, respectively for better efficiency of milk production and the lowest cases of hypocalcemia and ketosis. However, while extensive research has been conducted on dairy cattle, there is a notable gap in knowledge regarding buffaloes. Therefore, more research on this species is necessary.