Bolstering Food Security Through Climate-Resilient Wheat Varieties in India: A Review

Abstract

Indian wheat research has a strong history of breakthroughs that have significantly contributed to food security. Key achievements, both pre- and post-Green Revolution, include developing heat tolerance and disease resistance, addressing farmer challenges, and enhancing nutritional value through breeding techniques such as hybridisation, speed breeding, mutation, and transgenic breeding. These advancements, combining traditional and modern methods, have been crucial in ensuring food security for India's growing population and are paving the way for a more resilient and nutritious wheat crop in the future, particularly in the face of climate change. Scientists in India have developed climate-resilient wheat varieties that can withstand the changing climate while maintaining high yields. This review explores the journey of climate-resilient wheat in India, its benefits, and its potential to bolster food security. A model suggests global warming could cause serious drought in 60% of wheat-growing areas worldwide, currently affecting 15% of wheat productivity. A 1°C temperature rise is projected to decrease global yields for major crops, including wheat, by 10-20%. With temperatures potentially rising by 2-4°C by the end of the century, the future of crop production is concerning. While factors like CO2, sunlight, and suitable temperatures can benefit wheat growth, the impact of climate change heavily depends on future greenhouse gas emissions, with lower emissions leading to less drastic yield reductions. The impact also varies geographically and intensifies over time. Given these challenges, the development of climate-resilient wheat varieties is urgent for India.  Advanced breeding techniques, data analysis, and public-private partnerships hold immense potential for further refinement and wider deployment of the climate warriors. It was concluded that climate-resilient wheat is not just a technological marvel, but a vital tool for building a more resilient and sustainable food system.