Blunt Trauma Associated with Scleral and Retinal Injury

Abstract

Ruptures of the eye normally occur at the point of impact, called a direct rupture, with a strongly focused blow. Because the force is dispersed according to hydraulic law, if the force is more diffuse, the rupture will be indirect and occur in the tunic of sclera of  weak location . The Physical examination commonly reveals the presence of a scleral hole of the globe following ocular trauma, however hidden perforations are common. The limbus, the area right below the ocular muscles, and the area around the optic nerve are all vulnerable locations in the sclera. A number of posterior segment abnormalities which are  caused by blunt trauma,  trauma to the orbit , and due to trauma related to other systemic causes. There can be several type of  injuries to retina which include (commotio retinae), injury choroid, retinal pigment epithelial oedema, retinal pigment epithelial oedema (choroidal rupture), and optic nerve (evulsion of optic fibres ) which can also  occur due to blunt ocular trauma. After this kind of  ocular trauma, retinal detachment, traumatic macular holes may be seen. Concussive forces also lead to  damage to the orbital tissues near to the globe, which can also  result in injury to various structures inside the eye like  (chorioretinitis sclopetaria). other types of retinal injury include Diffuse retinopathy (Putcher’s retinopathy) can be caused by systemic trauma. They tend to be circumferential rather than radial, although if the hit is powerful enough, they may spread radially. The ones near the limbus are difficult to tell apart from lacerations, while the ones further back are easy to spot.