Biopolymer Containers as Sustainable Alternatives to Conventional Plastic Containers in Horticulture: Environmental Implications, Material Performance and Future Prospects

Abstract

The widespread use of petroleum-based plastic containers in horticulture has improved nursery production, plant handling, propagation and crop marketing, but their poor degradability and accumulation in the environment have created significant sustainability concerns. Biopolymer containers are emerging as environmentally friendly alternatives because they are produced from renewable, biodegradable or compostable materials and can reduce reliance on conventional plastic pots. This review examines the types, composition, performance, limitations and future prospects of biopolymer containers in horticultural production. Biodegradable containers are broadly classified as plantable and compostable. Plantable containers, including coir, peat, paper and wood fibre pots, can be transplanted directly into the soil, reducing root disturbance, transplant shock and labour requirements. Compostable containers, such as PLA-, PHA-, starch-, fibre- and agro-waste-based composites, are designed to remain stable during nursery production and degrade after use under suitable composting conditions. Their performance depends on factors such as material composition, mechanical strength, moisture tolerance and degradation rate. Despite their environmental advantages, wider adoption is constrained by higher costs, variable durability, moisture sensitivity, inconsistent degradation and limited composting infrastructure. In addition, excessive rigidity may restrict root growth, while rapid loss of strength can reduce handling efficiency. Therefore, biopolymer containers cannot fully replace plastic pots in all situations, and their suitability depends on crop and production requirements. Future research should focus on low-cost agro-waste-based materials, improved moisture resistance, controlled degradation, field-level performance evaluation, life cycle assessment and economic feasibility.